This course will focus on the current controversies with fluoride. Will the high Xylitol toothpastes or Nano-Hydoxyapatite (nHA) containing toothpastes replace fluoridated toothpastes as effective alternatives? Are there effective alternatives to professionally applied topical fluoride, such as casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (MI Paste, MI Paste Plus) or Iodine formulations? Parent concerns and professional ethics both play a part in recommendations to patients. Recommendations and evidence for these recommendations will be discussed.